What is the difference between ca and ha mrsa

In this study, we found the MRSA carriage rate 5. The mothers reported that about one third of the children had been given ampicillin and co-trimoxazole and this could explain the high prevalence of MRSA and SXT resistance detected.

It is important to note that over-treatment of children with antibiotics is common in Uganda as children suffer from 0. Although they have been found to increase rational prescription of medicines, the WHO guidelines do not distinguish between viral, parasitic excluding plasmodium and bacterial infections implying that a significant number of children in the community receive antibiotics [ 13 ]. Besides, other investigators have implicated frequent interaction between healthcare workers and community members in increasing the risk of colonization with MRSA in the community [ 17 ].

In Uganda, medical students, faculty, health care workers and researchers from the Mulago Hospital setting which includes Makerere University medical school use the IMHDSS as a site for disease surveillance, research and community-based medical education. Furthermore, studies by Asiimwe et al. In context of health service delivery in Uganda, this is understandable as pastoral communities are remote and often characterized with inadequate health service delivery.

Lastly, this study had a few limitations. First, the small number of MRSA isolates investigated implies that differences observed could be due to low frequencies of genotypes recorded.

However, we sampled a larger population for recovery of MRSA compared to previous studies in Uganda [ 7 , 9 , 22 , 23 ]. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev.

PLoS Pathog , 12 10 :e Staphylococcal disease in Africa: another neglected 'tropical' disease. Future Microbiol. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect. Severe Sepsis in two Ugandan hospitals: a prospective observational study of management and outcomes in a predominantly HIV-1 infected population. PLoS One. Aetiology, risk factors and immediate outcome of bacteriologically confirmed neonatal septicaemia in Mulago hospital, Uganda.

Afr Health Sci. Relative prevalence of methicilline resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its susceptibility pattern in mulago hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Tanzan J Health Res.

Antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized surgical patients: a silently emerging public health concern in Uganda. BMC Res Notes. Anguzu JR, Olila D. Drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from septic post-operative wounds in a regional referral hospital in Uganda. Bacteraemia in homozygous sickle cell disease in Africa: is pneumococcal prophylaxis justified?

Arch Dis Child. Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. MRSA in Africa: filling the global map of antimicrobial resistance. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in nasopharyngeal bacterial isolates from healthy children in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Ups J Med Sci. These factors are summarized in the table below. USA has been isolated in both healthcare and community settings.

Evolved from endemic methicillin-susceptible S. While Moreover, 83 However, only 8. In addition, 6 3. The type t was identified in Each of the remaining spa types were represented in less than 3 isolates. ST59 belonging to CC59 was the predominant type accounting for nearly half The rest of the STs included ST5 The virulence gene distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of these five specific molecular types of MRSA isolates are listed in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

All virulence genes except sed , see , seh , and eta genes were identified in more than 5 isolates. All isolates harbored no less than 4 detected virulence genes. The lukSF-PV genes were present in The tst gene was present in Recent reports of CA-MRSA infections with severe presentation and poor outcome among young age groups have been noted 5. This will help in taking effective measures to prevent infection and reduce transmission in the community and at healthcare facilities.

In vitro determination of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of MRSA is essential for rational selection of antibiotics used in treatment of staphylococcal infections. Most SSTIs can be treated using topical antibiotics but a small proportion of patients will still need systematic treatment. The European guidelines recommend that vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, and ceftaroline be used in the treatment of SSTIs According to the antibiotic susceptibility tests of this study, both CA- and HA-MRSA isolates continued to exhibit excellent susceptibility to vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline.

This is in accordance with previous study 15 and can also serve as empirical therapeutic evidence for the reliability of these antibiotics for SSTIs. Additionally, our results suggest that penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin and clindamycin are no longer wise choices for SSTI treatment.

Together with the results of a recent study in China, where it was shown that ST59 CA-MRSA strains were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin and penicillin 9 , our findings indicate that antibiotic abuse in the community of China may have resulted in selective pressure for these agents.

CA-MRSA is recovered from people who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure during the past year Moreover, four strains isolated from patients who had exposure to the community environment also possessed the characteristics representative of HA-MRSA. This also suggests that hospital-community transmission of MRSA strains through medical staff and community residents may happen frequently This underlines the need for surveillance of the alteration of MRSA epidemiology and a need of taking corresponding measures to control staphylococcal infection and transmission.

These studies together with our findings indicate that differences exist in MRSA epidemic situations among hospitals in China. The pathogenicity of S. A better knowledge of toxin gene carriage is necessary to explore the virulent basis of MRSA and to institute an effective therapeutic strategy.

However, association was not always found between molecular characteristics and virulence genes. Adhesion genes icaA , icaD , clfA , clfB , fnbA and fnbB and hemolysin genes hla , hlb were detected in most of the tested isolates, suggesting that these common toxin genes carried by MRSA within various lineages play significant roles in staphylococcal pathogenicity 9. However, in a recent study from Suzhou in China, the tst gene was identified in In this study, the tst gene was present in Together with findings from the previous study in which CC5 HA-MRSA isolates had strong association with the tst gene 27 , our results further emphasize that CC5 may be an emerging tst -harboring clone in China.

Further studies of more geographically diverse MRSA strains are warranted to confirm this finding. In summary, this study provides information on the molecular characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and virulence gene profiles of CA- and HA- MRSA isolates at a tertiary hospital in China. These MRSA strains were isolated from clinical sources such as blood, the respiratory tract sputum, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, and pharynx swabs , skin and soft tissue cutaneous abscess and wound secretion , vaginal discharge, stools and urine.

The data was analyzed anonymously. MRSA isolates were recognized by their resistance to cefoxitin and confirmed by the presence of mecA or mecC genes. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The pure and distinct colonies of the S. Genetic characterization of all S. These people appear to have community-associated CA infections. Prevention MRSA infections are spread by close skin to skin contact with a person with MRSA infection or colonization or by coming into direct contact with a surface or item contaminated with MRSA such as wound dressings, towels or linens.

Clean hands with an antimicrobial soap or alcohol-based hand rub before and after each patient, even if gloves have been worn. Wear gloves when examining infected areas and appropriately dispose of gloves after use.