What is the average biting force for a human

Get Permissions. Cite Icon Cite. Maximum bite force , Age , Sex , Occlusion , Testing effects. Sex: Males and females Age: Subjects were screened and assigned to one of the following age cohorts: Age cohort 7: 7. Table 1. View large. View Large.

Table 2. Figure 1. View large Download slide. Table 3. Figure 2. Table 4. Search ADS. Maximum bite force, muscle efficiency and mechanical advantage in children with vertical growth patterns. Masseter muscle volume measured using ultrasonography and its relationship with facial morphology.

Van Spronsen. Relationships between jaw muscle cross-sections and craniofacial morphology in normal adults, studies with magnetic resonance imaging.

Effects of ethnicity, gender and age on clenching force and load distribution. Masticatory performance and areas of occlusal contact and near contact in subjects with normal occlusion and malocclusion. Unilateral isometric bite force in 8—68 year old women and men related to occlusal factors.

Maximum clenching force of patients with moderate loss of posterior tooth support: a pilot study. Electromyography and bite force studies of muscular function and dysfunction in masticatory muscles.

The effects of an occlusal splint on the electromyographic activities of the temporal and masseter muscles during maximal clenching in patients with a habit of nocturnal bruxism and signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. The relationship between maximal bite force, bite force endurance, and facial morphology during growth. Ultrasound image of human masseter muscle related to bite force, electromyography, facial morphology and occlusal factors.

Change in maximum occlusal force in association with maxillofacial growth. Relative contributions of occlusion, maximum bite force, and chewing cycle kinematics to masticatory performance. Morphologic and biomechanical correlates with maximum bite forces in orthognathic surgery patients.

Contribution of jaw muscle size and craniofacial morphology to human bite force magnitude. Masticatory muscle thickness, bite force, and occlusal contacts in young children with unilateral posterior crossbite. Molar bite force in relation to occlusion, craniofacial dimensions, and head posture in pre-orthodontic children. Mixed longitudinal anthropometric study of craniofacial growth of Colombian mestizos 6—17 years of age.

Reliability of maximum bite force measurements in age-varying populations. Empirical Bayes estimation of individual growth curve parameters and their relationship to covariates.

The relationship between jaw-muscle mechanical advantage and activity levels during isometric bites in humans. Peak lean tissue mass accrual precedes changes in bone strength indices at the proximal femur during the pubertal growth spurt. Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: a longitudinal study. Send Email Recipient s will receive an email with a link to 'Are maximum bite forces of subjects 7 to 17 years of age related to malocclusion?

Recipient Bonakdarchian, N. Askari and M. Archives of Oral Biology, vol. Marquezin et al. Marquezin, F. Kobayashi, A. Montes, M. The great force magnitudes associated to the methods proposed in the literature can generate interference points in several teeth, since it is sensitized by the proprioception, i. It shall be recalled that electrical strain-gages need to be connected in a 4-wire scheme, which introduces an extra volume in the oral cavity.

Multiple-point sensing several teeth positions, e. The mentioned perception can alter the results of real bite forces in one tooth. In this case, a point sensor, with small dimensions is preferable. Optical fiber Bragg gratings FBGs have wide potential for biomechanical and biomedical applications [ 9 [9] H. Kalinowski, I. Abe, J. Santos and A. They have several advantages when compared to conventional resistive, piezoelectric or other solid-state sensing technologies.

FBG can be multiplexed, allowing spatially quasi-distributed measurements. Some characteristics make FBGs particularly attractive for in vivo purposes. Optical fiber is a non-electric and non-conductive device, and it has immunity to electromagnetic noise and radio frequency interference. FBGs have higher temperature and pressure capability compatible with human physiology figures.

FBGs are flexible and they can adapt to complex contours, apart from being less intrusive as well. The fibers are made of silicate glass, which is biocompatible; furthermore, FBGs can be embedded into polymer or composite materials to be used in instruments requiring sterilization. Optical fiber sensors also present small risk for infection.

FBGs are resistant to corrosive environments, and FBGs are also resistant to water and chemicals related to in vivo measurements. Real time, in vivo , biomechanical measurements with FBG sensors were demonstrated at the beginning of the century [ 10 [10] G. Werhle, P. Nohama, H. Kalinowski, P. Torres and L. Measurement and Science Technology, vol. Tjin, Y. Tan, M. Yow and J. Medical and Biology Engineering and Computing, vol. In dentistry, there are many reports in the literature that employ Bragg gratings to monitor orthodontic forces [ 11 [11] S.

Franco, A. Gebert, M. Souza, L. Jeranoski, H. Kalinowski and I. Tjin et al. Milczewski et al. Milczewski, J. Silva, I. Abe, A. Paterno, J. Milczewski, M. Stevenson, J. Canning, C. Mattelli and H. Glass Technology, vol. In another work, Milczewski et al. Body height was measured with the subject in an erect position without shoes using a height metre with a precision of 0.

The BMI of each subject was calculated. All the measurements were conducted by one examiner SV. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version Reliability was evaluated by repeating the measurement in 10 randomly selected subjects after a 1 week interval Table 1.

Statistical procedures suggested by Bland and Altman were used. Biological variations of variables assessed as the standard deviation were always higher than the measurement error. Since functional measurements are subject to learning effects, systematic errors between measurements were quantified.

Repeatability for MVBF was Differences between the two measurements for the same subject were lower than repeatability values in 88—95 per cent of subjects. To avoid random error, the mean of MVBF and maximal mouth opening were used for further statistical analysis. MVBF was significantly related to age and gender, being, in general, higher in males and older subjects. Bite force was It increased to Distribution of BMI and morphological occlusion and jaw function parameters in the two age groups and genders is shown in Table 3.

In subjects with a neutral occlusion, according to multiple regression analysis, MVBF could be best predicted from age and gender Table 4. The first regression model that considered prediction of MVBF using only age and gender, accounted for An extended model controlling for age and gender accounted for Parameters of morphological occlusion, jaw function, and BMI in the model explained the remaining 5.

The number of occlusal contacts and overjet had the highest contribution, 3. Controlling for all other parameters, the independent contribution of gender to the prediction of MVBF was For other parameters, the highest independent contribution to prediction of MVBF, while controlling for all other factors, was the number of occlusal contacts 3. Descriptive statistics for body mass index BMI and variables of morphological occlusion and jaw function.

Multiple regression analysis for variables predicting maximum voluntary molar bite force in subjects with normal occlusion aged 15 and 18 years. MVBF seems to provide useful information for objective evaluation of occlusion Shinogaya et al. Shinogaya et al. Therefore, in the present investigation, MVBF was measured in the first permanent molar region, and the subjects were selected according to strict inclusion criteria.

When measuring bite force, attention must be paid to the method and the measuring device since they can influence the accuracy of the final results Kamegai et al. The occlusal force gauge used in this study had a soft biting element made of vinyl encased in a plastic tube that enabled safe, accurate, and comfortable MVBF recording. Furthermore, multiple recordings were used; it is known that multiple recordings are more reliable than a single recording of MVBF Castelo et al.

To avoid random error, the mean of MVBF was used. Unilateral and bilateral bite forces are significantly correlated and both measurement methods are suitable for evaluation of the functional state of the masticatory system Van der Bilt et al. One shortcoming of unilateral recordings could be in the case of denture wearers because of possible tilting of the mandibular prosthesis if only one side of the jaw was loaded.

The subjects in the present study were fully dentate so the reliability of the unilateral method that was used could not be influenced in this way. It is known that MVBF are age and gender related. They tend to increase through various stages of a development but stabilize after puberty. There is some evidence that they reach their peak at 12 years of age, stabilize after the age of 14 years, and decline slightly by the age of 17 years Braun et al.

The average increase in the rate of bite force on the permanent molars in children has been reported to be 23 N per year from 7 to 16 years Brawley and Sedwick, or even up to the early twenties Kiliaridis et al. This statement is reasonable because it was found that gender differences in MVBF were not significant in year-olds but were in year-olds.

This finding can be explained by the difference in the appearance and pattern of the pubertal spurt between genders.

The fact that the gender differences were evident at 15 years of age was in concordance with the report of Shiau and Wang , who found that bite force in males became significantly stronger than in females after 13 years of age. This is also in agreement with the finding that there are no significant differences between bite force of males and females between 7 and 13 years Kiliaridis et al.

On the other hand, some other data suggest that the average bite force values of females aged 11—16 years are equal to, or even higher, than those of males Garner and Kotwal, and that there could be some gender differences even in the primary dentition Tsai, The mean MVBF found in this investigation in subjects aged 18 years males Gibbs et al. The difference in MVBF between the latter investigation and the present findings could be due to the fact that subjects in the study of Sasaki et al.

A normal occlusion was not a required parameter. The variability of MVBF in year-old males While less variability in the older than in the younger age group could be explained by the difference between each subject when entering and finishing the puberty, the difference between year-old males and females could not be explained in this way.

In addition to the gnathodynamometer, Dr. Black has invented another instrument with an equally terrifying name — the phagodynamometer, with which he tests the resistance to chewing offered by various foods.

This instrument comprises a pair of plungers with toothed surfaces at their adjacent ends. By means of a lever one of the plungers is forced against the other. The latter acts upon a spring, connected with an index needle arranged to sweep over a dial. The pressure of one plunger upon the other plunger may then be read on this dial. With this instrument, some important studies have been made of the force required in the mastication of food.

These are shown graphically at the top of this page. In place of muscles the jaw is represented as being provided with a scale beam and a pound sliding weight on the beam. If the weight be moved to the point marked 50, a fifty-pound crushing force will be exerted at the second molars. The tenderest meat was found to be boiled tongue, the central part of which offered a re- Rear vjew 0f the device. Boiled tongue, when cold, offered a resistance of from fifteen to twenty pounds.

In order to crush pork chops, loin, a force of from twenty to twenty-five pounds was necessary. Mutton chops required from thirty to forty pounds; beef, round, from forty to fifty, and beefsteak, well done but rather tough, from sixty to eighty pounds. An experienced butcher selected some very tough meats, from the neck of an old animal, which stood up against a force of from seventy to ninety pounds before the crush occurred.

These tests were made a number of years ago, before storage meat was used to the extent it is now.